View source for History of Chinese watchmaking

Watchmaking in China has a rich history dating back to the 1950s.  The history divides fairly neatly into 4 different eras, with some overlap, and the structure of this article follows this division.

The first watch made in China was built in 1955, based on a Swiss design.  The first era of Chinese watchmaking stretches from this point until the early 1970s, with several factories produced watches in China, each factory producing its own distinct movements.  In the earlier days these movements were built using foreign designs and/or tooling, but in the mid-60s, truly native watches appeared, 100% designed and built in China using Chinese manufacturing technology.

In the early 1970s, the Chinese government ordered all watch factories in the country (with a few exceptions) to discontinue producing their own movements and concentrate on the production of a single, standardised watch movement, and many factories (each with their own brand identities) were built all over the country to facilitate large scale production of simple and affordable but accurate and dependable watches for the Chinese population.  This is the second era of Chinese watchmaking.  This era began to dwindle in the mid 1980s in the face of major economic reforms in China and the global the quartz revolution.

From about 1985 to the end of the 1990s, the Chinese watch industry went through a turbulent transition period.  New companies, were established as joint foreign ventures in the newly established Special Economic Zones.  Often using cheap imported quartz movements from elsewhere in Asia, these new companies presented stiff competition to the established factories.  Some of the old factories were able to adapt to the changing times by producing their own quartz movements, developing automatic mechanical movements, or selling movements to overseas manufacturers.  However, many more factories were unprepared for the rapidly changing global market and went bankrupt.

By the new millennium, the dust had settled and the sun rose on the modern era of Chinese watchmaking, which continues to the present.  This era is more complex, globally distributed and horizontally integrated.  The domestic market is dominated by relatively young brands established during the transition period who mostly use imported movements.  The surviving factories from the vintage period continue to produce mechanical movements, the majority of which are exported to watch manufacturers all over the world.  Watches made entirely in China belong to two distinct market segments.  The largest and most technically sophisticated factories from the earliest years of the industry are attempting to move into the high-end luxury watch market, producing movements with elaborate complications such as tourbillons and minute repeaters.  At the same time, there is a flourishing "affordables" market, featuring many brands which are sold only on the internet.

== The early era (1955 to early 1970s) ==

More information available at the [[Vintage Chinese watch portal]].

=== The first watch made in China ===

Main article: [[WuXing]]

In January 1955, on the basis of a Chinese government order to establish a watch industry in the north of the country, four men in a small workshop with limited tools set out to build China's first wristwatch. Starting with a Swiss Sindaco 5 jewel pin-lever design, they successfully completed the prototype on 24 March. This first watch was called WuXing (5 Stars). This low-grade watch went into very limited production, each unit virtually hand-made. From this humble beginning began what is now one of the world's biggest mechanical watch enterprises.

Preparations began in 1957 for the establishment of the Tianjin WuYi Watch Factory, which was completed the following year. An all-new 17 jewel watch entered production, with the brand name WuYi (5-1 i.e. May Day). These watches were based on Swiss designs (FHF 25/28 series) and were of good quality. Today they are much sought-after by collectors. Later calibre ST-2A WuYi watches featured some detail enhancements including shockproofing and extra jewels. In 1962 the factory moved to a new site and was renamed Tianjin Watch Factory. Production of the WuYi continued until 1971.

=== The first eight factories ===

The first eight Chinese watch factories were all established in 1958.  These were:

* [[Beijing Watch Factory]]
* [[Guangzhou Watch Factory]]
* [[Jilin Watch Factory]]
* [[Liaoning Watch Factory]]
* [[Nanjing Watch Factory]]
* [[Qingdao Watch Factory]]
* [[Shanghai Watch Factory]]
* [[Tianjin Watch Factory]]

Shanghai Watch Factory was the first to be established, although since all the factories were founded in the same year Shanghai's headstart is measured in months only.  Even though the Chinese watch industry would eventually expand to include over one hundred factories, with at one in almost every province, these original eight factories dominanted the industry through the 60s, 70s and early 80s.  Almost all of the industry's major technological developments and most enduring brands are associated with one of the original eight factories.  Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, sometimes referred to as "the Big Three" were particular leaders in innovation.

=== Early movements based on foreign designs and tooling ===

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the original eight factories began producing watches using movements based on foreign movements, using imported tooling.  Most but not all of the foreign movements were Swiss.  Perhaps the most iconic watch of this early period in the industry is Shanghai's [[A581]].  Based closely on the Swiss [http://www.ranfft.de/cgi-bin/bidfun-db.cgi?10&ranfft&0&2uswk&AS_1187 AS 1187]] movement, but falling short of an exact clone, the A581 was China's first mass-produced wristwatch.  Produced until 1968 and featuring a staggering number of different dial designs, the A581 remains a very popular target for collectors of vintage Chinese watches to this day.  A variant of the A581 was manufactured at Qingdao Watch Factory, known as the A601, but its development was troubled and quality was generally poor.

Beijing Watch Factory produced a high quality copy of the Swiss company Roamer's MST 371 movement, known as the [[BS1]], but only in very limited numbers (3,726 total) before switching to the [[BS2]], built using surplus tooling bought from Switzerland.  The BS2 was produced in greater numbers (160,861 total), up until 1968.  The same movement, built using identical tooling, was also manufactured at Guangzhou Watch Factory, where it was known as the [[SG3]].  Much like the Qingdao's version of Shanghai's A581, the development of the SG3 was troubled and it was of poorer quality than the BS2.

Tianjin Watch Factory produced a movement based on the Swiss FHF 25/28 movement series, known as the [[ST2]], which was used in [[Wuyi]] branded watches.  A very limited number of movements either identical or very similar to the ST2 were produced early on at Jilin Watch Factory and used in the first [[Meihualu]] branded watches.  Earlier, Jilin produced a very small number of watches based on Enicar movements, about which little are known.

Liaoning Watch Factory completed its first watches in 1960.  While other factories used Swiss movements as the basis for their early output, Liaoning's first movement, the [[SL1]], had a design identical to the 1st Moscow Watch Factory 2408 "Kirovskie" (without shockproofing) and 2409 "Stolichnie" (with shockproofing) calibres.  These were probably made on imported Soviet tooling.

Nanjing Watch Factory's very first watches were copies of a Roamer movement, about which little is known.  In 1959, Nanjing began producing its SN1 movement, the basis for which is also unknown.

=== The first Chinese chronograph ===

Main article: [[Project 304 chronograph]]

In 1961 the Ministry for Light Industry received the order to develop a new 'aviator's watch' for the People's Liberation Army Air Force. This was designated Project 304. The Venus Watch Company, Switzerland, were wanting to offload the calibre 175 chronograph tooling to raise capital for development of their calibre 188. The USSR were not interested, but the Chinese were. The 175 tooling was purchased for Project 304 and installed at the [[Tianjin Seagull|Tianjin Watch Factory]]. By October 1965, the third test batch were completed and submitted to the Ministry and Air Force for approval, which was passed in December. The production version was designated [[ST3]]. By May the following year, 1400 chronograph watches had been delivered to pilots of the PLAAF. A seconds-only chronograph version was prototyped, but it did not enter production. A small test batch was produced bearing the WuYi brand. 

=== Other early movements and factories ===

While the original eight factories all started manufacturing movements which were either exact clones of foreign movements or very close derivatives, throughout the sixties a series of incremental improvements were made to these movements, mostly aimed at simplifying production.  While none of these movements were designed from scratch by Chinese designers, they represented the first steps toward totally indigenous design.  Shanghai added shock-protection to the A581 to create the A611, and a later more drastic redesign resulted in the [[SS1]].  Beijing replaced the BS2 with the [[SB5]], Liaoning replaced the SL1 with the SL2 and Nanjing replaced the SN1 with the SN2.

A number of other early factories were formed in the 1960s and very early 1970s, among them [[Chongqing Clock & Watch Factory]], [[Fenglei Instruments Factory]], [[Hongqi Watch Factory]], [[Suzhou Watch Factory]].  These factories did not engage in movement research and design, and the vast majority of them either manufactured local versions of Shanghai's SS1 or built cases and dials for watches powered by SS1 movements brought in from Shanghai.  The SS1 was unique in being produced across multiple factories, and in some sense it can be considered the major player in 1960s Chinese watches.

=== The first 100% Chinese watches ===

Main articles: [[ST5]], [[DongFeng]]

In 1966, the [[Tianjin Watch Factory]] successfully developed the first 100% Chinese designed and built wristwatch movement, the [[ST5]], and introduced the brand [[DongFeng]] (East Wind) for the watches powered by it.  The ST5 was modern, thin, accurate and of high quality. It had 19 jewels, including jewels for the mainspring barrel.  The A somewhat bulky automatic version was later developed but was produced in only limited numbers.  In line with national industry standards, the ST5 was upgraded to a 21600bph escapement and designated ST5-K. The ST5 movement is prized by collectors for its distinctive 'Sea-Gull Stripes' decoration comprising graceful radiating arcs engraved deeply on the plates. Due to the hand-finishing, no two are exactly alike.

Main articles: [[SM1A]], [[Zuanshi]]

The ST5 milestone was followed shortly after by another high-quality movement designed from scratch in China, with the [[Shanghai ZuanShi Watch Factory]] developing the [[SM1A]] in 1969.  The SM1A was used in [[Zuanshi]] brand wristwatches, and these would go on to win multiple national awards for quality.

=== Early electronic watches ===

Main article: [[Vintage Chinese electronic watches]]

While Chinese watchmaking in 1960s was very much dominated by the design and manufacture of mechanical movements, some early research and development into early electronic watch technology also took place.  The first electronic movement known to have been produced in China was a tuning fork movement produced by Tianjin Watch Factory in 1965, designated first [[ST4]] and then [[DST2]].  The movement bears a strong resemblance to one produced by Bulova.  Since Bulova watches were known to be worn by U2 spy plane pilots, and since three Taiwanese-operated U2s were shot down over China between 1962 and 1964, it has been speculated that the DST2 was reverse engineered from a Bulova watch worn by a captured Taiwanese pilot, but this story remains unconfirmed.  The only other well-documented Chinese electronic watch from this time period is an electronic balance wheel movement, developed by various factories located in Shanghai.  Eventually designated [[SD2]], the movement had a protracted development phase beginning in 1967, with a short mass production run not occurring until the mid 1970s.

== The Tongji era (early 1970s to mid 1980s) ==

More information available at the [[Vintage Chinese watch portal]].

=== The Tongji or Chinese Standard Movement ===

Main article: [[Chinese Standard Movement]]

By the late 1960s the Chinese watch industry had matured, with good quality and quantity of output from those factories in operation. To build upon this, the 4th Five Year Plan called for a program of 'consolidation' for the industry, in which a standardized watch design would be manufactured in factories in (almost) all provinces. Thus the Chinese Standard (统机 Tongji =‘Unified’) movement was born.

The prototype SZ-1 was developed by a design group formed by engineers from many units, and was under the Light Industry Ministry. The project commenced in 1969 under the guidance of the Ministry of Light Industry, drawing upon the resources of Shanghai Watch & Clock Industry Company, Shanghai Watch Factory, Shanghai Number 2 Watch Factory, Tianjin Watch & Clock Factory, Beijing, Liaoning, Guangzhou & Xi'an Hongqi Watch Factories, Xi'an Fenglei Meters & Watch Company, together with the Watch & Clock Research Team of Ministry of Light Industry in Xi'an, and the technicians and scholars of timing instruments of Tianjin University. The group studied many foreign watch designs, and combined merits of them for the prototype SZ-1. Because it had fewer parts than other similar movements it was easier to produce and service, while at the same time maintaining high accuracy and reliability. The basic specification of the Standard wristwatch calibre is a minimum of 17 jewels, 21,600 bph escapement, a minimum of 40 hours power reserve and average rate within +/-30 seconds per day. Blueprints were finalized in November 1971.

The resultant design most closely resembles the Enicar AR1010, found in one of the limited range of Swiss watches sold in China at that time, however there is no evidence of Enicar involvement in the SZ-1 project. A substantially larger version of the same design, designated HJ1A, was developed by the Jilin Watch Factory for use in pocket watches.

=== Expansion of the industry ===

Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, many more watch factories were built all over China for the express purpose of manufacturing watches powered by the Chinese Standard Movement.  Further, with only a few exceptions (see below), the existing factories, including the original eight, were ordered to cease production of their earlier movements and switch over to the Tongji.  Production of the SB5, SG3, SL2 and SS1 movements all ceased in the first half of the 1970s, as their respective factories converted to the new design.  This was the beginning of a "golden age" for the Chinese watch industry.  Eventually there were over 100 factories manufacturing standard movements, with at least one in almost every single province of the country.  Production figures rose steadily as more and more factories hit their stride: the nation produced 4.2 million watches in 1970, 7.8 million in 1975 and 22.2 million in 1980.  Total production for the 1970s was 83.3 million, compared to just 11.4 million for the 1960s.  By the early 80s, annual national output was above 30 million watches, and the standard movement accounted for around 80% of this.

While the myriad new factories were all manufacturing exactly the same movement, by no means were they manufacturing exactly the same watch.  Each factory had its own brand or brands, these often being named after local landmarks (e.g. [[Taishan]] after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tai a mountain in Shandong province] or [[Tianchi]] after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Lake a lake in Jilin provice]), local fauna (e.g. [[Meihualu]] after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_deer the Sika deer] or [[Xiongmao]] after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda the Giant Panda]), local flora (e.g. [[Shenhua]] after the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng ginseng flower]) or other distinctive traits of the region (e.g. Qingdao Watch Factory's main brand [[Jinmao]], meaning "golden anchor", reflects Qingdao's long history as a seaport and naval base).  Revolutionary slogans or imagery were another common source of brand (e.g. [[HongQi]], meaning "red flag", or [[Jiefang]], meaning "liberation").  Despite the "cheap and cheerful" nature of the Chinese Standard Movement, it is not at all uncommon for watches powered by the movement to have elaborately decorated casebacks and/or signed crowns reflecting the branding, and even within a single factory these designs were varied over time.  While dial designs were often quite conservative white or silver affairs, colourful dials were occasionally produced and, more often, dials were textured with simple striped patterns, elaborate repeating floral or geometric patterns, or images of natural scenery or wildlife.  The resulting wide range of styles makes vintage Chinese watches from this period a collector's paradise.  It is sometimes possible to build a collection of a dozen or more interestingly distinct watches of a single brand from a single factory!

Purchasing one of these watches required both a special ration card and saving several months of an average worker's salary.  While this was not exactly cheap, the massive production of the Chinese Standard Movement ushered in the era where a simple but accurate and reliable watch became a realistic and attainable goal for the average Chinese citizen.

=== Exceptions to the Tongji order ===

While the 1970s was unquestionably the Decade of the Tongji, a small number of alternative mechanical movements remained available.  Tianjin were permitted to continue to manufacture the ST5 and Shanghai Zuanshi were permitted to continue with SM1A production.  These two movements were of very high quality and were both original Chinese designs, the hard-won fruits of labour in the late 50s and early 60s copying and then slightly improving foreign designs.  This is likely the reason they were spared the same shortened lifespan which befell the SB5, SS1 and other movements.  On the other hand, Nanjing were also permitted to continue producing the SN2 movement.  While the ST5 and SM1A were "premium" movements compared to the Chinese Standard Movement, the SN2 was a simpler and much cruder design, with undecorated, roughly machined parts and most versions featuring unjewelled bearings.  This movement was aimed at the very lowest income segment of the Chinese population, for whom even a Tongji-powered watch was unattainable.  Despite the bare bones design and low price point, the SN2 has in fact proved itself a reliable workhorse, with many examples still in working condition today.   Further, most of them found their way into Nanjing's [[Zhongshan]] branded watches, which are well known to collectors due to their very wide range of textured dials, which are amongst the most elaborate produced in the time period.

=== Early quartz development ===

Main article: [[Vintage Chinese electronic watches]]

Early research into quartz wristwatch movement development happened throughout the 70s at the Big Three factories (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), with the first complete watches appearing at the end of the decade.  Relatively little is known about Beijing's quartz efforts.  Shanghai Watch Factory started quartz work in 1972 with a prototype movement powered by an external pack of 4 AA batteries.  After many years of refinement, Baoshihua branded watches using the [[DSE]] quartz movement and the [[DHSE]] date-only calendar movement appeared in Shanghai markets in September of 1979.  Work at Tianjin began later but proceeded faster.  Development of the [[DST3]] quartz movement began in 1978 and was completed by the end of that same year.  Between 1978 and 1982 Tianjin produced several quartz movements, including calendar movements and smaller movements for women's watches.

Widespread quartz movement manufacture did not begin in China until the late 80s and early 90s.  In general, quartz adoption in China was slower than the rest of the world.  The manual labour required to service and repair a mechanical watch was abundant and cheap compared to the expensive early batteries manufactured by China's fledgling electronics industry, and the success of the Tongji project meant that spare parts for most watches could be found easily anywhere in the country.

== Transitional period and crash (mid 1980s to late 1990s) ==

By the mid-1980s, the mechanical watch market was declining, quartz digital watches, especially multi-function models, were reaching the peak of popularity, and a new demand for very thin quartz analogue watches was emerging.  At the same time, economic policy in China was changing, leading towards more international trade, both import and export.  This was a tough time for the Chinese watch industry, and the period is characterised by two simultaneous processes.  On the one hand, the many factories established in the 70s and 80s in the wake of the Tongji period, as well as the early factories from the 50s and 60s, tried their best to adapt to the changing market conditions, with mixed results.  On the other, several new companies and brands were established to take advantage of the relaxed economic conditions, presenting stiff competition to the established factories.  Many of these newcomers would go on to be very successful on the domestic market.  After initial dramatic increases in productivity, unrivalled in the industry's history, by the end of the 1990s China's watch industry suffered a major crash.  Many of the old factories went bankrupt in the late 90s or early years of the 21st century, representing the end of an era.

=== A new beginning: Joint Foreign Ventures ===

In the 1980s, China underwent substantial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform economic reforms] under the new leadership of Deng Xiaoping.  Part of this included the establishment of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China Special Economic Zones] in Guangdong and Fujian provinces in 1980.  In these zones, newly established companies with joint Chinese and foreign ownership and investing could operate in a more free-market oriented environment, with minimal oversight from Beijing's central planners.  The Chinese watch industry was strongly affected by a number of such joint foreign ventures established in the second half of the decade.  The first was [[Rossini]], established in 1985, followed closely by [[Fiyta]] in 1987, both in Guangdong.  [[Ebohr]] was established in 1991.

These new companies did not have any of the existing Chinese watch industry's experience in designing and manufacturing mechanical movements.  Instead, they imported cheap, mass-produced quartz movements from more industrially developed nations such as Japan and Hong Kong (which was under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China British rule] at the time) and installed these in locally made watch cases.  While perhaps less interesting to horology enthusiasts, these new companies were very successful on the domestic market, offering cheap and accurate watches in large quantities.  They represented extremely difficult competition for the established industry, and were a likely impetus for much of the change which happened during this time.

These new ventures operating in the SEZs contributed a staggering boost to national watch output.  Prior to the founding of Rossini and Fiyta, watch production in Guangdong province was dominated by the output of Guangzhou Watch Factory, one of the original eight factories founded in 1958.  In 1983, the province was producing 1.2 million watches per day.  In 1985, the year Rossini was founded, provincial output was up to 8.8 million, and by 1987 when Fiyta came along this was up to 20.9 million.  In that year, Guangdong became the most productive province in the country, overtaking the city of Shanghai.  In fact, at this point Guangdong province was producing more watches than the cities of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin combined.  Explosive growth continued and by the middle of the 1990s, Gaungdong was producing more watches per year than the entire Chinese nation had been producing prior to the establishment of the joint foreign ventures.

=== Adapting the mechanical movement industry ===

The simple, hand-winding wristwatches which fuelled the growth of China's watchmaking industry in the 1970s were beginning to seem distinctly old fashioned in the 1980s, when quartz watches (analogue and digital) were surging in popularity and even automatic mechanical watches were beginning to lose their appeal.  As China's economy became more internationally focussed, many of the watch factories churning out the Standard Movement found themselves having trouble competing.  Production figures began to stagnate and for many factories to decline around the middle of the 1980s.  In order to remain viable, the industry would need to reinvent itself.  One approach was to begin producing quartz movements (see below), but efforts were also made to revitalise the mechanical movement component of the industry.

Some of the larger factories recognised this impending situation sooner than others and began preparations early in the 1980s.  In 1982, Shanghai Watch Factory and Shanghai ZuanShi Stopwatch Factory combined forces to develop a new movement intended to replace their respective Tongji and [[SM1A]] movements.  This movement eventually entered mass production in 1985.  It was designated the SS8 at Shanghai and the SBS1B at ZuanShi, but is commonly referred to as "the [[B]] movement" due to the stylised "B" stamped on the bridge of some movements.  The main selling point of the B was its substantially thinner profile than the Tonji, an important consideration as thin watches were becoming stylish at the time.  Beijing also developed a thinner version of the Tongji, designated  

Other new movements were more hastily developed.  From around the mid 1980s, many factories began to produce low-cost automatic movements, as these were still competitive against quartz watches in some markets.  Rather than being developed from scratch, these automatics were adapted from existing manual movements designed for women's watches, which were small enough for crude auto-winding and calendar modules to be bolted on without resulting in a movement too large or heavy for use in men's watches.  The earliest example of this strategy was Guangzhou's [[SG6ZS]], derived from their [[SG5]] women's movement.  This was soon followed by the [[ST6D]] from Tianjin based on the women's [[ST6]] and an automatic movement from [[Hangzhou Watch Factory]] typically marked [[Xihu]], after their main brand.

Another strategy was to upgrade existing movements by adding complications.  The trend here was to use a minimal amount of additional mechanism to achieve maximal visual impact, regardless of utility.  A classic example is so-called "Sun and Moon" watch produced by Liaoning and released under their Konque and Peacock brands.  This featured a simple 24 hour disk turning counterclockwise at 6 o'clock, printed with a sun and a moon acting as a kind of AM vs PM indicator.

Against this background of a desperate scramble to avoid obsolescence, in late 1984 China launched its first Antarctic expedition, with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Great_Wall_Station Great Wall research station] successfully established in Feburary the next year.  The expedition members wore basic Sea-Gull watches powered by a calendar version of Tianjin Watch Factory's venerable [[ST5]] - a simple hand-winding mechanical movement that was approaching 20 years of age.

In addition to the push toward thin movements and cheap automatics, in the 1980s many Chinese watch factories began to export movements to overseas watch assemblers, ending a long-standing process of only selling complete watches.  Often times movement sales became the factory's main source of incoming, supplanting watch sales.  In 1991, [[PTS Resources]] was founded in Hong Kong.  This company developed strong ties with many of the  more successful Chinese factories, including Guangzhou, Liaocheng, Shandong and Qingdao, acting as a single point of distribution for movements developed at these factories to assemblers all over the world.

Tianjin Watch Factory was perhaps the most successful in adapting to the movement-selling business.  In 1992, the factory became the Tianjin Sea-Gull Corporation, which is today one of the world's leading movement producers.  By 1997, Sea-Gull were in a position to begin adding new movements to their line up.  The first was the [[ST16]], a partial clone of Miyota's 8205/8215 movement with some significant changes made by Sea-Gull.

While Tianjin and many other factories were able to find new niches during this turbulent period and survive into the modern era, many more factories were not so fortunate.  Most Chinese watch factories had been founded in the 70s for the express purpose of mass producing the Standard Movement, a proven design with established blueprints produced by the country's most experienced designers.  These factories simply did not have the skills or experience to successfully develop new movements, and simply continued to churn out Tongjis throughout the 80s and the 90s.  Toward the end of the 1990s, these factories were in severe financial difficulties and a slew of factory closures, sales and bankruptcies occurred in the late 90s and the first few years of the 21st century.

=== The rise and fall of Chinese quartz ===

Chinese research into quartz movement production occurred in the 1970s, with the earliest models available for sale by the end of the decade.  However, production did not become widespread until the mid 1980s and early 1990s, when strong competition from foreign quartz production essentially forced the industry's hand.  After pioneering work by Shanghai and Tianjin, quartz movements were eventually being manufactured at Yantai, Shanghai Zuanshi, Hefei, Liaocheng, Jilin, and Qingdao Watch Factories.  These movements were typically of a high quality.  The factories producing them had spent decades manufacturing mechanical movements, and carried the same design mindset over to quartz production.  Early Chinese quartz movements typical feature jewelled bearings and metal wheel trains and bridges.

Despite concerted effort, the hastily developed Chinese quartz industry was ultimately unable to compete.  Eventually, at some point in the 1990s, both Shanghai and Tianjin Watch Factories released watches under their flagship brands using Japanese quartz Miyota movements.  If these two giants of the vintage industry, who had pioneered quartz movement production in China, were forced into this position, then there could be little hope for any other factories.  Many of them had been producing quartz movements for less than a decade when the entire industry was struck by a sudden collapse.

=== 1997 industry crash ===

While output was declining in many of the smaller provinces during the 1990s, on the whole China's total national wristwatch output continued to grow throughout most of the decade, fuelled by joint foreign ventures in Guangdong and Fujian as well as by the more successful parts of the old government factories.  This would not last forever, though.  In 1996 the national output decreased very slightly compared to 1995, but per-province figures paint a more grim picture.  Output decreased in both Guangdong province (the more productive of the two provinces with SEZs) and in cities and provinces with strong elements of the old industry, including Beijing, Liaoning, Shanghai and Tianjin.

This minor downturn proved to be the harbinger of a looming market crash.  In 1997, China produced 295 million wristwatches, down almost 40% from 480 million in 1996.  Per-province decreases were sometimes even greater, e.g. Jilin province's output dropped by over 90% from 66.6 million to 5.8 million (Jilin Watch Factory would declare bankruptcy two years later).  Output from Shanghai, long the production-leading powerhouse of the old industry, was halved compared to 1996, reaching levels not seen since the 1970s.  The crash affected the new companies too, with output from Guangdong dropping 30% and from Fujian by 85%.  Subsequent editions of Chinese statistical year books do not report wristwatch production figures as part of the nation's major industrial output, suggesting that the situation continued to worsen.

It is not exactly clear what caused such a great and sudden decrease to occur in both the new and old segments of the industry simultaneously.  Possible contributing factors are the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis Asian financial crisis], the return of Hong Kong to China by Britain and the death of Deng Xiaoping.

== The modern Chinese watch industry (late 1990s to present) ==

More information available at the [[Modern Chinese watch portal]].

In the wake of Chinese economic reforms and the invention of quartz timekeeping technology, the majority of the China's watch factories established during the Tongji-era closed down.  However, the largest and most capable factories continued to operation, and form the backbone of China's modern watchmaking industry.  This industry is more complicated than the vintage industry, thanks to globalisation and wide-spread horizontal integration.

(rough stubs follow!)

=== The domestic market ===

Dominated by highly successful SEZ-based "fashion brands" who case up Japanese and Swiss quartz movements, e.g. [[Rossini]], [[Fiyta]], [[Ebhor]].  A more modern and slightly higher end appearance is [[Jiusko]]

=== Movement producers ===

The following Chinese companies are currently manufacturing mechanical movements:

* [[Beijing Watch Factory]]
* [[Shanghai Watch Factory|Shanghai Watch Industry Co]] (descended from historic Shanghai Watch Factory)
* [[Tianjin Seagull]] (descended from historic Tianjin Watch Factory)
* [[Guangzhou Five Goat Watch Company]] (descended from historic Guangzhou Watch Factory)
* [[Liaoning Watch Factory|Liaoning Peacock Watch Company]] (descended from historic Liaoning Watch Factory)
* [[Qingdao Zixin Industrial Company]] (descended from historic Qingdao Watch Factory)
* [[Hangzhou Watch Factory|Hangzhou Watch Company]] (descended from historic Hangzhou Watch Factory)
* [[Shandong Liaocheng Zhong Tai Watch Company]] (descended from historic Liaocheng Watch Factory)
* [[Nanning Watch Factory]]

Many of them produce entire watches for sale under their own brand names, i.e. they are manufactures d'horlogerie.  All of them additionally sell their movements as standalone components to other companies both in China and internationally.  Many of them also act as Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), meaning they manufacture entire watches on behalf of other companies, to be sold under those company's brands.

=== Movement consumers ===

* Homage brands (e.g. Alpha)
* Mushroom brands (e.g. Parnis)
* Counterfeiters

=== High-end Chinese watches ===

More information available at the [[High-end Chinese watch portal]].

==== Fancy movements ====

For many watch enthusiasts, the most exciting development coming out of China in the 21st century is the tourbillon. The tourbillon has long been the exclusive preserve of elite Swiss watchmakers, but the new Chinese tourbillons, some even selling in the sub-$1000 range, have made this marvel of micro-engineering accessible as never before.

The first Chinese tourbillon was the 1993 'Mystery Tourbillon' by Hong Kong's master watchmaker Kiu Tai Yu, formerly of the Suzhou Watch Factory. Master Kiu's tourbillons may be considered pure art as they were never intended for general sale. In 1995 the Beijing Watch Factory created their first tourbillon prototype however this was not developed for production.

==== Fancy cases/dials ====

* Enamel/embroidered dials